Anja Shortland is Professor of Political Economy at King’s College London, where she studies private governance in some of the world’s most complex and hostile markets, including kidnapping, piracy, fine art theft, antiquities, and ransomware. Her work explores how people trade, negotiate, and create systems of order in environments where formal state enforcement is weak…
When ransomware shuts down a pipeline, exposes hospital data, or forces a local authority offline, the disruption is often framed as a technical failure. In reality, these incidents represent the visible edge of something far more structured: a global criminal economy that increasingly mirrors the organisation of legitimate industry. Ransomware has evolved from opportunistic hacking…
For years, disinformation has been framed primarily as a political or media problem, associated with election interference, bot networks, and foreign influence campaigns. It is often treated as something external to core systems. It is portrayed as an issue for platforms, regulators, or communications teams to manage. Yet this framing obscures a more complex and…
Eliot Higgins is an award-winning journalist and the founder of Bellingcat, the investigative platform that has helped pioneer modern open-source intelligence and digital verification methods. He first gained international recognition through his early work analysing weapons use in the Syrian conflict under the pseudonym “Brown Moses“, before establishing Bellingcat in 2014 following the downing of…
Dr. Natalie Martin is an Assistant Professor in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of Nottingham, where she has been based since 2019. Before entering academia, she worked extensively in journalism as a reporter for the Nottingham Evening Post, Leicester Mercury, Press Association, and Raymonds Press Agency, and later as a…
21st-century digital transformations of the information environment have reconfigured how knowledge is produced, validated, and contested. Disinformation is no longer confined to discrete falsehoods or orchestrated state propaganda; it now operates within a participatory and highly networked ecosystem in which information is continuously generated, amplified, and recursively reshaped across digital platforms. In the United States,…
In the early days of December 2024, as the world prepared for the holiday season, a silent storm was brewing within the digital corridors of the US Treasury Department. Unbeknownst to its officials, a sophisticated cyber intrusion was underway, orchestrated by a state-sponsored actor from China. This breach would soon be recognised as a “major…
ISO 27001 and information security management ISO 27001 is an international standard that outlines the requirements for an information security management system (ISMS). It helps organizations ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their information assets by establishing and maintaining appropriate safeguards. One of the key aspects of ISO 27001 is its focus on risk…
